Prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals in the Mexican population correcting by nutrient retention factors, Ensanut 2016 / Prevalencia de consumo inadecuado de vitaminas y minerales en población mexicana, corrigiendo por factores de retención de nutrimentos, Ensanut 2016

Abstract Objective: To estimate the usual intake and the prevalence of inadequacy of selected nutrients in the Mexican population and the potential effect that the nutrient retention factors (NRF) could have on these estimates. Likewise, document the methodology used in the analysis of the 24 hours of the mid-way National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016). Materials and methods: Dietary information from the Ensanut MC 2016 was analyzed with and without the use of NRFs. Results: Most nutrients evaluated showed a relevant inadequacy prevalence above 10% in all age groups. Likewise, we documented that, when NRFs were not applied, estimated intakes and prevalence were significantly underestimated in a range of 2% to 55.5%. Conclusions: We documented the relevance of the application of NRFs for adequate estimation of the prevalence of inadequate intake of selected nutrients in population studies.

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la ingesta habitual y la prevalencia de inadecuación de nutrimentos selectos en la población mexicana y el efecto potencial de los factores de retención de nutrimentos (FRN). Asimismo, describir la metodología utilizada en el procesamiento del recordatorio de 24 horas de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016). Material y métodos: Se analizó la información dietética de Ensanut MC 2016 con y sin utilización de FRN. Resultados: En los nutrimentos evaluados, las prevalencias de inadecuación fueron superiores al 10% en todos los grupos de estudio. La no consideración de los FRN causó la subestimación en las prevalencias de inadecuación en un rango de 2% a 55.5%. Conclusión: Se documenta la relevancia de la aplicación de FRN para la adecuada estimación de las prevalencias de inadecuación en estudios poblacionales.

Substituition of urea for soybean meal and forced intake of minerals on the performance of growing crossbred calves / Substituição da ureia por farelo de soja e consumo forçado de minerais no desempenho de bezerros em crescimento

Forty eight crossbred calves, 24 males and 24 females, with weight and age of 203.6±3.7kg and 11.8±1.0 months were allotted to the following treatments: MT- mineral salt ad libitum and sugar cane mixed with 10g kg-1 mixture of urea and ammonium sulfate in a 9:1 proportion; MA - sugar cane mixed with 16g kg-1 of a concentrate of urea (550g kg-1), ammonium sulfate (60g kg-1) and minerals (390g kg-1); SU - sugar cane mixed with 50g kg-1 of a concentrate of soybean meal (830g kg-1), urea (52g kg-1) and minerals (118g kg-1) and MC - corn silage mixed with 10g kg-1 of a concentrate of urea (500g kg-1), ammonium sulfate (50g kg-1) and minerals (450g kg-1). Minerals mixed with sugar cane (MA) resulted in greater weight gain (0.258 x 0.188kg d-1) for similar intakes of DM (3.29 x 3.30kg d-1). Substitution of part of urea nitrogen in the MA by soybean meal (SU) resulted in greater ADG (0.538 x 0.258kg d-1), due to higher sugar cane intake (4.10 x 3.13kg d-1). ADG of calves receiving corn silage was greater (0.406 x 0.258kg d-1) than for calves receiving sugar cane.(AU)

Quarenta e oito bezerros cruzados, com peso vivo de 203,6±3,7kg e idade de 11,8±1,0 meses, sendo 24 machos e 24 fêmeas, foram distribuídos nos tratamentos: MT - sal mineral à vontade e cana-de-açúcar adicionada de 10g kg -1 de uma mistura de ureia e sulfato de amônio na proporção de 9:1; MA - cana-de-açúcar adicionada de 16g kg -1 de uma mistura de ureia (55%), sulfato de amônio (6%) e minerais (39%); SU - cana-de-açúcar adicionada de 50g kg -1 de uma mistura de farelo de soja (83%), ureia (5,2%) e minerais (11,8%); e MC - silagem de milho adicionada de 10g kg -1 de uma mistura de ureia (50%), sulfato de amônio (5%) e minerais (45%). Minerais misturados no volumoso resultaram em maior ganho de peso (0, 258 x 0,188kg/dia) com consumos semelhantes de matéria seca (3,29 x 3,30kg/dia). Substituição de parte do nitrogênio da ureia no MA pelo do farelo de soja resultou em aumento do ganho de peso (0,258 x 0,538kg/dia) e no consumo de cana (3,13 x 4,10kg/dia). Ganho de peso dos bezerros que receberam silagem de milho foi superior ao dos bezerros que receberam o MA (0,406 x 0,258kg/dia), devido ao maior consumo de silagem (4,71 x 3,13kg/dia).(AU)

¿Podemos mejorar la cicatrización de un desgarro muscular masivo? / Can we improve the healing of a massive muscle tear?

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar macroscópica e histológicamente la cicatrización muscular utilizando Dexametasona (DEX) o Traumeel (TRM), en un modelo experimental animal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio experimental en 45 ratones BKS. Se seccionó transversal y completamente el cuádriceps derecho en todos los animales. Se definieron 3 grupos de estudio de 15 ratones cada uno, un grupo control, un grupo tratado con Dexametasona y uno con Traumeel. Los animales fueron sacrificados a las 1,2 y 4 semanas después del procedimiento y se les extrajo ambos cuádriceps (derecho como intervención e izquierdo como control) y luego fueron analizados macroscópica e histológicamente por un patólogo calificado, de manera ciega. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente con el test de Kruskal - Wallis (p < 0,05), utilizando el programa Stata V12.1. RESULTADOS: Macroscopía: A la semana, en todos los grupos se evidenció ausencia de cicatrización con gap persistente. A la segunda semana, se evidencia cicatrización inicial sin gap en todos los grupos. A las 4 semanas todas las muestras estaban cicatrizadas. HISTOLOGÍA: La administración de Dexametasona disminuye el infiltrado inflamatorio y aumenta las fibras regenerativas, pero induce mayor fibrosis y pérdida de masa muscular. La adición de Traumeel aumenta la cantidad de fibras regenerativas, pero incrementa el infiltrado inflamatorio. CONCLUSIONES: A las 4 semanas ninguno de los grupos de estudio presentó regeneración muscular completa, con resultados macroscópicos e histológicos variables.

OBJETIVES: To macroscopically and histologically evaluate a muscle strain healing model, using Dexamethasone and Traumeel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental study in 45 BKS mice. 3 groups of 15 mice were defined: control group, Dexamethasone treated group and Traumeel treated group. The animals were sacrificed at the 1st, 2nd and 4th week, both quadriceps were resected (right as intervention and left as control) and then analyzed macroscopically and histologically by a qualified and blinded pathologist. Results were analyzed statistically using Kruskal - Wallis test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Macroscopy: the first week, all groups showed absence of healing with persistent gap. At the 2nd week, evidence of initial healing without gap in all groups. By week 4, all samples were healed. HISTOLOGY: Dexamethasone decreased the inflammatory infiltration and increased the regenerative fibers, but induced a higher fibrosis and loss of muscle mass. Traumeel increased the amount of regenerative fibers and the inflammatory infiltration. DISCUSSION: The results of our study fail to define a definitive posture. We observed that Traumeel actually increases the amount of regenerative fibers and contrary to the literature, it increases the inflammatory infiltrate. On the other hand, Dexamethasone showed similar results in both regenerative fibers, fatty infiltration and muscle mass, but with increased necrosis. CONCLUSIONS By the 4th week none of the groups showed complete muscle regeneration with macroscopic and histological variable results.

Suplementos nutricionales como modificadores de morbimortalidad en pacientes con cáncer / Nutritional supplements as modifiers of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients

La caquexia, un síndrome multifactorial caracterizado por la pérdida de masa muscular con o sin pérdida de tejido adiposo que no puede ser revertido con soporte nutricional convencional, es frecuente en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas como cáncer, en quienes empeora notablemente su estado de salud. El objetivo de esta revisión fue estudiar el impacto que tienen los suplementos nutricionales en la morbimortalidad de los pacientes con caquexia secundaria a cáncer. Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura en las bases de datos Embase y Medline (Pubmed), sobre los suplementos y desenlaces clínicos en pacientes con caquexia secundaria a cáncer. Se excluyeron revisiones de literatura no sistemáticas, y aquellos que se centraran en otros desenlaces. Se seleccionaron 42 artículos, y se revisó su versión en texto completo. Se encontró que los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados aumentan el peso corporal; los antioxidantes podrían reducir la progresión del cáncer; selenio, zinc, hierro y cobre mejorarían el sistema inmunológico; y las proteínas y suplementos calóricos podrían reducir la lipólisis y proteólisis. Dentro de las limitaciones del estudio se encuentra la referencia a múltiples tipos de cáncer, con diferencias significativas en el tratamiento y el pronóstico de los pacientes. Se concluye que el soporte con suplementos nutricionales que contengan ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (EPA y DHA), micronutrientes (Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, vitamina E y C) y aminoácidos (l-arginina, l-glutamina, y b hidrometilbutirato), puede mejorar la morbimortalidad y por lo tanto la calidad de vida en pacientes con caquexia secundaria a cáncer(AU)

Cachexia, a multifactorial syndrome characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle mass with or without loss of fat mass that cannot be reversed by conventional nutrition support, is frequently present in patients with chronic diseases such as cancer, in whom the health status deteriorates markedly. The objective of this review was to study the impact of nutritional supplements on morbidity and mortality of patients with cachexia secondary to cancer. A literature search was conducted (Embase and Medline-Pubmed) looking for references that described associations between supplements and morbidity or mortality in patients with cachexia secondary to cancer. Non-systematic literature reviews, or studies with other non-clinical outcomes were excluded. A total of 42 articles were selected, and their full text version reviewed. We found that polyunsaturated fatty acids increase body weight; antioxidants reduce cancer progression; selenium, zinc, iron and copper improve the immune system and proteins and caloric supplements prevent lipolysis and proteolysis. Within the limitations of the study is the reference to multiple types of cancer, which in themselves present significant differences in treatment and prognosis of patients. As a conclusion, nutritional support with nutritional supplements containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA-DHA), micronutrients (Zn, Se, Cu, Fe, vitamins C and E) and amino acids (l-arginine, l-glutamine and b hidroxymethylbutyrate), can improve morbimortality and therefore quality of life in patients with cachexia secondary to cancer(AU)

Moringa oleifera: revisión sobre aplicaciones y usos en alimentos / Moringa oleifera: a review of food applications

La Moringa oleifera es un árbol originario de determinadas regiones Asia y África, con capacidad de adaptación a territorios de climas calurosos y pluviometrías escasas. Las diferentes estructuras de la planta (hoja, raíz, corteza, flores, vainas…) se consumen como terapéutico para diferentes dolencias. Estas estructuras posee un elevado poder nutritivo (vitaminas, minerales o aminoácidos esenciales entre otros) que le otorgan un importante papel potencial en la prevención y lucha de la desnutrición. La literatura científica recoge numerosos efectos saludables de las diferentes partes de la moringa tales como efecto antioxidante y antiinflamatorio o bactericida entre otros. Con el objetivo de hacer llegar las propiedades de la moringa al consumidor se están desarrollando estudios con diferentes alimentos, principalmente productos cárnicos y panes, en los que se incorpora la moringa (hoja, semilla, extractos, etc.) como ingrediente. En los productos cárnicos se utiliza como aditivo conservante y antioxidante con muy buenos resultados sin afectar las características sensoriales del producto final. En el sector de la panadería el objetivo suele ser el enriquecimiento nutricional del alimento. En estos casos las características sensoriales son más variables dependiendo de la dosis utilizada y el producto en estudio (pan, galletas, etc.). La industria alimentaria tiene un interesante reto por delante: la incorporación de la moringa como ingrediente, sustituyendo diferentes conservantes y antioxidantes químicos por otros naturales y al mismo tiempo la preparación de productos básicos, como el pan, altamente nutritivos, ideales para determinados grupos poblacionales en mayor riesgo de desnutrición(AU)

Moringa oleifera is a tree native to certain regions Asia and Africa, adaptable to territories of hot weather and low precipitation rates. In some areas different parts of the tree (leaves, roots, bark, flowers, pods...) are consumed as a therapeutic for different illnesses. These structures have also a high nutritional value (vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids among others) giving an important potential role in the prevention of malnutrition. The scientific literature describes many salutary effects of the different parts of the moringa such as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory or bactericide, among others. With the aim of bringing the properties of moringa to consumers, a few studies have been developed with different foods, mainly meat and bread, in which the moringa is incorporated as an ingredient (leaf, seed, extracts, etc). In meat products it is used as a preservative and antioxidant additive with very good results without affecting the sensory characteristics of the final product. In the field of bakery the objective is usually as nutritional fortification. In these cases the sensory characteristics are variable depending on the dose used and the product under study (bread, cookies, etc). The food industry has an interesting challenge ahead: the incorporation of moringa as a natural ingredient, as a substituting different classical preservatives and antioxidant and at the same time preparing food commodities, such as bread, with high nutritional value, ideal for certain population groups in risk of malnutrition(AU)

Comparación del consumo de vitaminas y minerales en adultos mayores chilenos según estado nutricional / Nutrient intake of Chilean older people according to body mass index

Background: An adequate consumption of micro and macro nutrients is essential to maintain an adequate health among older people. Aim: To compare the consumption of micro- and macronutrients in older people from three Chilean cities, according to their nutritional status. Material and Methods: Body mass index (BMI) was assessed and a food consumption tendency survey was applied to 976 non-disabled older people, living in the community. Thinness was defined as a BMI < 23 kg/m². Results: Twenty percent of females and 17% of males had a BMI < 23 kg/m². Participants with a higher BMI had a greater intake of micro- and macronutrients. In females, micronutrient intake was adequate among those with higher BMI, although mean intake of calcium and vitamin B-12 were below recommendations. In males, iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and pantothenic acid intake were below recommendation. Conclusions: Thin older adults, regardless of sex, had a lower intake of calories and micro- and macronutrients. Additionally, an overall low consumption of zinc, calcium, magnesium and vitamin B12 was detected.

Digestibilidade do cálcio de ingredientes para suínos, avaliada por meio de dois métodos / Calcium digestibility from feedstuffs for pigs evaluated using two methods

Determinaram-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e verdadeira do cálcio (Ca) de ingredientes para suínos por meio de dois métodos. Foram utilizados 60 suínos machos castrados, alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo e distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 10 (métodos x tratamentos) e seis repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos consistiram em oito alimentos, uma ração basal (0,072% de Ca total) e uma ração com baixo teor de Ca (0,018%). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e verdadeira do Ca foram avaliados utilizando-se simultaneamente dois métodos: coleta total de fezes e coleta de fezes com indicador fecal (cinza ácida insolúvel - CAI). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade verdadeira do Ca, obtidos pelo método de coleta total e pelo método de indicador fecal, foram, respectivamente: calcário calcítico 1, 84,80 e 87,33%; calcário calcítico 2, 84,19 e 86,32%; fosfato bicálcico, 79,36 e 84,55%; fosfato monobicálcico, 83,83 e 85,81%; calcário dolomítico, 85,65 e 87,39%; farinha de carne e ossos (40% PB), 70,00 e 68,64%; farinha de carne e ossos (50% PB), 66,92 e 68,03%; farinha de vísceras, 73,40 e 73,95%, lactato de Ca, 95,10 e 97,33%. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os métodos avaliados coleta total (80,14%) e indicador fecal (82,15%)...

The coefficients of apparent and true digestibility of calcium (Ca) of eight feedstuffs for pigs were determined. A total of 60 barrows were housed in metabolism cages and distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial 2 X 10 (treatments X methods) and 6 replicates per treatment. Treatments consisted of eight feedstuffs, a basal diet (0.072% Ca) and a diet with low Ca content (0.018%). The coefficients of apparent and true digestibility of Ca were determined using two methods simultaneously: total fecal collection and fecal marker (Acid Insoluble Ash - AIA). The true digestibility coefficients of Ca, obtained by the total fecal collection and the fecal marker methods were respectively: Limestone 1, 84.80 and 87.33%; Limestone 2, 84.19% and 86.32; Dicalcium Phosphate, 79.36 and 84.55%; Monodicalcium Phosphate, 83.83 and 85.81%, Dolomitic Limestone, 87.39% and 85.65; Meat and Bone Meal (40% CP), 70.00 and 68,64%; Meat and Bone Meal (50% CP), 66.92% and 68.03; Poultry by Product Meal, 73.40 and 73.95%, Calcium Lactate, 95.10 and 97.33%. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the total fecal collection (80.14%) and fecal marker (82.15%) with the methods evaluated...

Diet and Airway Obstruction: A Cross Sectional Study from the Second Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Several dietary factors, such as antioxidant vitamins, have potential roles in the development of obstructive lung diseases. However, the results of studies on the relationships between dietary factors and obstructive lung diseases are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine which nutrients are related to airway obstruction (AO) in the Korean population. METHODS: We used data obtained as part of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) in 2001. Analysis was restricted to 1,005 adults who were 18 years of age and older, who had two or more acceptable spirometry curves, and who had participated in the nutrition examination survey. AO was defined as the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) of less than 0.7. RESULTS: Of the 1,005 study subjects, 78 (7.8%) had AO. Statistically significant factors associated with AO were 55 years of age or older (p = 0.032), central obesity (p = 0.047), hypertension (p < 0.001), smoking of 20 pack-years or more (p < 0.001), low income (p < 0.001), and low dietary protein intake expressed as a ratio of protein to recommended dietary allowance for Koreans (p = 0.037). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed four factors that were independently associated with AO: smoking of 20 pack-years or more (odds ratio [OR], 5.801; p < 0.001), hypertension (OR, 3.905; p < 0.001), low protein intake (OR, 0.992; p = 0.004), and low income (OR, 1.962; p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: In the Korean NHANES, smoking, hypertension, and low income were related to AO. Among dietary factors, only low protein intake was associated with AO.

Comparison between Ringer's lactate and balanced salt solution on postoperative outcomes after phacoemulsfication: A randomized clinical trial.

Aim: To compare the effects of balanced salt solution (BSS) and Ringer's lactate (RL) on corneal thickness, endothelial morphology, and postoperative anterior chamber inflammation in eyes undergoing phacoemulsification. Setting: Iladevi cataract and IOL research center, Ahmedabad, India. Materials and Methods: This prospective randomized study comprised 90 consecutive patients with age-related cataract who were randomly assigned to either Group 1 (n = 45) with BSS or Group 2 (n = 45) with RL. Observations made included measurement of central corneal thickness (CCT), presence of anterior chamber flare and cells, endothelial cell loss, and change in coefficient of variation (CV). Data was analyzed using Mann Whitney test and test of proportion. Results: Mean increase in CCT on postoperative Day 1 was 58microm and 97microm in Groups 1 and 2 respectively ( P = 0.01). Increase in CCT at one month was 10microm and 11microm in Groups 1 and 2 respectively ( P = 0.99); increase in CCT at three months was 3microm and 6microm in Groups 1 and 2 respectively ( P = 0.86). Number of eyes with flare grades in a range of 0 to 3 was statistically higher in Group 2 on postoperative Day 1 ( P = 0.004, 0.016, < 0.001, 0.047 for Grade 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively). Number of eyes with cells of Grade 3 on first postoperative day was significantly higher in Group 2 as compared to Group 1 ( P = 0.004). Three months postoperatively, endothelial cell loss was 5.5% and 7.8% in Groups 1 and 2 ( P = 0.21) and change in CV was 3 and 5.4 in Groups 1 and 2 ( P = 0.20) respectively. Conclusion: BSS offers a significant advantage over RL in terms of increase in corneal thickness and postoperative inflammation on the first postoperative day in patients undergoing phacoemulsification.

Avaliação do consumo alimentar de crianças de 0 a 24 meses com cardiopatia congênita / Assessment of food intake in infants between 0 and 24 months with congenital heart disease

FUNDAMENTO: As crianças com cardiopatia congênita geralmente são desnutridas e apresentam algum grau de comprometimento funcional e/ou estrutural dos orgãos. Existe, ainda, uma deficiência na ingestão de nutrientes, corroborada pelo controle hídrico, que limita o aporte nutricional de alguns cardiopatas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo alimentar de crianças com cardiopatia congênita internadas na Unidade de Pediatria Cardiológica de hospital-escola público. MÉTODOS: O consumo de alimentos e nutrientes foi calculado pelo consumo alimentar de três dias (método direto de pesagem) e o cálculo das calorias e nutrientes foi feito pelo software Virtual Nutri. RESULTADOS: O consumo de calorias/kg peso, de proteínas diárias, de sódio e de vitamina A esteve dentro do recomendado (p < 0,05). Todavia, as calorias diárias, os lipídios, as fibras, o potássio e o ferro estiveram abaixo do recomendado (p < 0,05) e, as proteínas/kg peso, os carboidratos, o cálcio e a vitamina C estiveram acima do recomendado (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Crianças com cardiopatia congênita têm dietas inadequadas e, portanto, necessitam de orientação nutricional para haver ingestão dietética adequada e conseqüente melhora do crescimento e do desenvolvimento pondo-estatural, garantindo melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart disease are usually malnourished and present some degree of functional and/or structural impairment of organs. There is also deficiency in nutrient intake, due to the control of fluids required by some patients which restrains the nutrient intake of some cardiac children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the food intake of children with congenital heart disease hospitalized in the pediatric heart unit of a "Public Teaching Hospital". METHODS: The intake of food and nutrients was calculated based on the food consumed during three days (direct weighting method) and the calories and nutrients were calculated using the Virtual Nutri software. RESULTS: The intake of calories per kilogram of body weight, of daily proteins, sodium and vitamin A was within the recommended levels (p < 0.05). However, the intake of daily calories, fats, fiber, potassium and iron was below the recommended levels (p < 0.05) and the intake of proteins per kilogram, carbohydrates, calcium and vitamin C was above the recommended levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Children with congenital cardiopathy have inadequate diets, and therefore, need nutritional guidance to foster adequate dietary intake and the resulting improvement in growth and weight and height development, guaranteeing better quality of life to the patients.

Evaluation of micronutrient intakes [vitamins and minerals] in university students

Prior investigators have emphasized on the key role of nutrition in preventing health disorders. This study is a part of an exhaustive research to assess nutritional status in Iran medical sciences university students. Indeed, we aimed to assess and evaluate daily nutrient intake among male and female university students. For this cross sectional study, 1000 university students were selected by multistage random sampling from six faculties of Medicine, Nursing and midwifery, Paramedical, Health, Management and medical information and Rehabilitation. Data were collected by 24-hour dietary [food] recall questionnaire and were analyzed using DFP [N3, FP2], and SPSS soft wares. The intake of vitamins and minerals were compared with RDA. Results showed that the mean intake of vitamins C, A, E, folic acid and panthetonic acid were lower than RDA measures and differed significantly between male and female subjects. The mean intake of minerals showed inadequate levels of Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg, K. It seems that daily dietary in medical university students has some insufficiency in vitamins E,C,A, folic acid and panthetonic acid and minerals calcium, magnesium, and iron [only in females]

Recomendações para alimentação complementar da criança em aleitamento materno / Recommendations for the complementary feeding of the breastfed child

Objetivo: Apresentar uma revisão sobre as evidências que embasam as recomendações atuais da alimentação complementar de crianças em aleitamento materno. Fontes de dadod: Foi realizada extensa revisão bibliográfica sobre o tópico, tendo sido consultados artigos selecionados a partir de pesquisa das bases de dados MEDLINE e Lilacs, publicações de organismos nacionais e internacionais, dissertações e teses. Alguns artigos-chave foram selecionados a partir de citações em outros artigos. Síntese dos dados: Novos conhecimentos sobre alimentação infantil adquiridos nos últimos 20 anos resultaram em mudanças significativas nas atuais recomendações alimentares de crianças amamentadas em relação às recomendações anteriores. As atuais necessidades nutricionais recomendadas são menores que as anteriores, os alimentos complementares são introduzidos em uma idade mais precisa, em torno dos 6 meses, e são recomendados novos métodos de promoção da alimentação saudável da criança. As novas recomendações enfatizam as práticas alimentares saudáveis, as quais englobam tanto a quantidade quanto a qualidade adequadas dos alimentos, inclusive o cuidado com o manuseio, preparo, administração e armazenamento dos alimentos e o respeito e adequação às características culturais de cada povo. Conclusões: A alimentação complementar adequada da criança em aleitamento materno é crítica para o ótimo crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança. Portanto, é um fator essencial para a segurança alimentar e para o desenvolvimento das populações e seus países. Cabe aos profissionais de saúde repassar efetivamente às mães/cuidadores as novas recomendações para a promoção da alimentação complementar saudável da criança amamentada. Cabe aos governos propiciar as condições adequadas para essa promoção.

A vitamin, mineral, herb dietary supplement effect on blood glucose in uncontrolled type II diabetic subjects

We tested a dietary supplement formulated with a synergistic combination of vitamins, minerals, herbals in a group of 15 patients with uncontrolled diabetes type II. The supplement was given for 30 days. Fasting blood glucose was measured prior to the supplementation and at the end of the 30 days treatment period. Blood glucose was significantly reduced in all patients with no adverse effects. This orthomolecular correction of faulty glucose metabolism with a combination of nontoxic, safe and fairly inexpensive nutraceuticals needs to be further substantiated. Nervertheless the idea of correcting metabolism with micronutrients is a new concept of genetic nutritioneering that seems appealing and cost effective

Intraocular irrigating solutions. A clinical study of BSS Plus and dextrose bicarbonate fortified BSS as an infusate during pars plana vitrectomy.

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of Balanced Salt Solution Plus (BSS Plus, Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) and fortified regular BSS on the cornea and lens, when used for continuous irrigation in pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) surgery. METHODS: Prospective, investigator masked, randomised study. Forty patients were randomly assigned to undergo PPV using BSS Plus (n=20) or fortified BSS (n=20) [regular BSS, fortified with 10.5 cc. of dextrose in water (D5W) and 13.1 cc. of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate]. Intraoperative features of the corneal epithelium, postoperative changes in the corneal endothelial cell denstiy (ECD) at 3 months, and clarity of the lens during surgery and postoperatively were evaluated. RESULTS: Intraoperative epithelial changes were similar in both groups with 7 (35%) of the cases having the epithelium removed in the BSS Plus group and 8 (40%) in the BSS fortified group (P=0.23). The mean differences in ECD (3 months versus preoperative) in the operated eyes when adjusted for changes in the control eye showed no difference with the type of BSS (P=0.98). Intraoperative lens changes were more significant (P=0.018) in the BSS fortified group. Postoperative lens status at 3 months was similar for both groups. Though there was a trend towards worse postoperative nuclear sclerosis change in the BSS fortified group, it was not significant (P=0.160). CONCLUSION: Standard BSS fortified with dextrose and bicarbonate is an efficacious infusion fluid during pars plana vitrectomy. Both solutions showed comparable effects on postoperative corneal endothelial cell density and corneal epithelial changes intraoperatively. BSS fortified has more lenticular changes intraoperatively than BSS Plus although no lens had to be removed in either group. The study implications are important since BSS fortified is significantly less expensive than BSS Plus.

Adición de vitaminas y minerales a harinas de maíz y de trigo en México / Vitamin and mineral addition to corn and wheat flours in Mexico

En México la deficiencia marginal de algunas vitaminas y minerales afecta la salud y la funcionalidad de un número elevado de mexicanos, por lo que la Secretaría de Salud ha iniciado un programa para promover la adición de nutrimentosa a las harinas de trigo y de maíz que se procesan industrialmente. El presente documento expone las bases científicas y tecnológicas para dicha adición. El objetivo primordial es restaurar los nutrimentos que se pierden durante el proceso de obtención de las harinas y durante la fabricación de los alimentos a partir de las harinas; además, se adicionan aquellos nutrimentos cuya presencia es deficiente en una proporción importante de la población y cuya suplementación en la dieta ha demostrado ser benéficio de la fórmula para adicionar a las harinas de trigo de maíz se consideraron, además de los factores mencionados, los niveles de absorción de los diferentes nutrimentos, la interacción probable entre nutrimentos y un malgar muy amplio de seguridad, de manera que se eliminara cualquier riesgo de algún efecto adverso en la salud, aun en los niveles más altos de ingestión de los alimentos. Finalmente, se sugieren los compuestos más apropiados para la adición a las harinas considerando su reactividad y sus posibles efectos negativos en la estabilidad de las harinas, así como su biodisponibilidad, su disponibilidad en el mercado y su costo. Con lo anterior se recomienda la adición de 5 mg/kg de tiamina (mononitrato de tiamina), 3 mg/kg de riboflavina (hidroclorhidrato de riboflavina). 3 mg/kg de niacina (nicotinamida), 30 mg/kg de hierro (hierro reducido extrafino) y 20 mg/kg de zinc (óxido de zinc) para ambas harinas, así como 2 mg/kg y 0.5 mg/kg de ácido fólico para las harinas de trigo y maíz, respectivamente

Minerals content of Paraguayan yerba mate (llex paraguariensis SH) / Contenido de minerales en yerba mate paraguaya (llex paraguariensis SH)

Minerals content (Fe,Ca,Mn,Mg,Na,K,Zn, and Cu) of the leaves of Paraguayan yerba mate (llex paraguariensis, SH) as of commercial products has determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Considerable amounts of iron and calcium and remarkbly high content of magnesium and potassium have been found both in the leaves and in the commercial products. Highly significant difference between the Fe content of the leaves and that of the commercial products has been found. Also, highly significant diference has been found between the and Ca content of the higher quality-greater sale reputed commercial products and that of the lower quality-smaller sale reputed ones. Seasonal and soil linked variations are also presented. The nutritional and quality control significance of these finding for the MERCOSUR (Southern South American Economical Gommunity) are discussed

Nutritional evaluation of a high-temperature dried soft wheat pasta supplemented with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) / Evaluación nutricional de una pasta de harina de trigo secada a alta temperatura y suplementada con frijol (judía de vaca) (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp)

El objetive of this study was to determine the nutrional quality of the pasta described above. The work was unique in the following aspects: 1) the drying process was a nonconcentional method, consisting of a high-temperature short-time (HTST) process; 1) the nutritional quality of the wheat pasta was improved by the cowpea supplementation. Cowpea was especially chosen due to it being a staple food in the diet of the people in Northeast Brazil. Benefits attrributed to the diet of the people in Northeast Brazil. Benefits attrributed to the HTST drying process include a reduction in bacterial counts, shorter processing time and less energy consumption. In addition, there are reports in the literature of improved pasta firmness, color intensity, and cooking characteristics, when non Tricum durum materials plus drying are used. The pasta produced in this work was made using 100 por ciento soft wheat flour (SP), and soft wheat flour (SF) mixed supplemented with 10,20 and 30 por ciento dehulled cowpea meal (CM); refered to as 10,20 and 30 por ciento SP, respectively. The methods utilized in this proyect includes: AACC methods for proximate analysis and trypsin inhibitor activity determination, atomic absorption spectrophotometry for mineral determination, a dyebinding procedure for measuring availablelysine, HPLC for amino acid quantification, FAO/WHO amino acid scoring patterms for chemical scores and AOAC for protein digestibility. The protein content of the pastas supplemented with CM ranged from 11.3 to 14.2 per cento, white the 100 por ciento SF pasta (SP) contained 10.9 per cento. CM supplementation resulted in 52 to 113 per cento more total lysine, and 26 to 82 per cento more available lysine in the CM pasta compared to the SP. Chemical scores dor SP were 45 and 59 por ciento for preschool and school-age children, respectively. Adding 30 por ciento CM to SP impproved the above chemical scores to 89 and 100+, respectively. However, te addition of CM compromised the in vitro protein digestibility of SP from 4 to 6 per cento. The addition fo 30 per cento CM provided the SP with greater calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu): 44,49, 91 and 402 per cento respectively. Cooking the CM pasta resulted in a 50 to 90 per cent retention of mineral content, with the greatest loss being for Cu. In the cooked 30 per cent CM pasta, the contents of Fe, Zn and Cu, respectively, 50,67 amd 243 per cent greater thair content in the cooked SP

Nutrición en pacientes con enfermedades hepáticas: (primera parte) / Nutrition in chronic liver diseases

La dieta al poder ser manipulable puede de una u otra forma comprometer la función del hígado o contribuir para mantener la misma a niveles óptimos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar los recientes avances del efecto de la nutrición sobre los aspectos clínicos en enfermedades hepáticas crónicas y el uso adecuado de medidas dietéticas haciendo énfasis en los estudios que al respecto se han realizado en México. Se incluyeron informes originales en inglés y español a través de información computada (Medline) hasta 1994, además de los informes publicados en revistas nacionales sobre el aspecto nutricio en enfermedades hepáticas